Secret Outlaw Languages - Listverse. History. Abraham Rinquist. May 2. 5, 2. 01. 4Outsiders need a way to communicate with each other in secret. It is essential to their survival. The exact number of “cryptolects”—secret languages known only to the initiated—is unknown, but many have influenced popular vocabulary. Make no mistake: Outlaws move the mainstream. Polari. The origins of this UK cryptolect are shrouded in mystery. One theory is that British sailors crafted this tongue by combining the Mediterranean lingua franca with local slang. Others claim it began as the jargon of 1. Italian carnies. What everyone agrees on is that Polari became the insider dialect of English theater. From the stage, it became a secret code among British homosexuals. Given that homosexuality was illegal in England until 1. Polari is an outlaw language. BBC Radio introduced Polari to the masses in the 1. Julian and Sandy, who frequently lapsed into the language. The couple never discussed sexual orientation, but they didn’t need to. Polari was a “wink” to those in the know. Polari is rarely spoken today, but it does occasionally find its way into art. Morrissey’s 1. 99.
A list of all the best outlaw biker movies ever made, many of which are streaming on Netflix and Amazon Prime. Find your favorites on these best actions movies on. Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club Redwood Original or as it is better known, SAMCRO (Often spelled Sam Crow), is the mother charter of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club. Piccadilly Palare” explicitly references the cryptolect. The alternative spelling of “Palare” reflects that there is no proper way to write Polari. This is a spoken language. Polari is not the only cryptolect associated with gay subculture in the Anglo world. Gayle is an Afrikaans- based dialect used principally by English- speaking urban homosexual men in South Africa. Given the connection between South Africa and the UK, it is not surprising that many Polari words have found their way into Gayle. South Africa boasts a second cryptolect for homosexual Bantu speakers called Isi. Ngqumo. While gay rights are protected under the South African constitution, the murder of homosexual men and “corrective rape” of lesbians reveals a powerful need for these societal outsiders to communicate in secret. Hobo Hieroglyphics. Hobos appeared on the American scene after the Civil War when itinerant men took to the rails in search of work. The phenomenon reached peak numbers during the Great Depression, when the dispossessed flooded hobo “jungles.” These men led nomadic existences, taking odd jobs no one else wanted. They were admired, pitied, feared, and idolized. Author John Steinbeck called them “the last free men.”In order to exchange information, hobos developed a language of coded symbols. These hieroglyphics signified danger, opportunity, and even nuanced recommendations such as “food for religious talk.” The signs are intentionally abstract so that they could be written out in the open without fear of being deciphered by non- hobos. This cryptic language proved essential to hobo survival in the unforgiving world of train- hopping. Hobos are rare today, since train companies have tightened their security. Those who remain are frequently lambasted as “showbos”—that is, interested in exploiting the lifestyle for its pageantry in festivals rather than embracing the cold, hard reality of life on the rails. As the hobo phenomenon fades, so does the usage of their coded language, yet these symbols still resonate deeply. Hobo hieroglyphics inspired painter Jean- Michel Basquiat, who counted a dictionary of these symbols among his favorite books. He incorporated their imagery and poetry (“nothing to be gained here”) into his compositions. Lunfardo. Lunfardo originated in the Buenos Aires underworld as a secret language to confound outsiders. With time, this cryptolect emerged from prisons and criminal dens to become the definitive Buenos Aires dialect, cutting across class lines and oozing across borders. To some linguistic formalists, Lunfardo is an embarrassment—a lowbrow, delinquent- tinged slang best avoided by the well- heeled. To others, this mainstream cryptolect defines Argentinian culture. Lunfardo has a gigantic vocabulary, with contributions from many languages beyond its Spanish core. Northern Italian dialects are well represented, plus additions from English, French, and Gypsy tongues. Much of the vocabulary is of unknown origin. Linguists suspect pure invention. Several features distinguish Lunfardo. There are countless terms for categories of criminals, their prey, and shady activities. Lunfardo is a sensual language that is laden with words for men, women, and body parts. It should come as no surprise that it is the lingua franca of tango, and even fluent Spanish speakers have trouble decoding the genre’s lyrics without knowledge of Lunfardo. The popularity of this music has spread this once- secret language around the globe. Peddler’s French. In 1. 56. 7, Thomas Harman made the first known reference to Peddler’s French (aka Thieves Cant) in A Caveat or Warning for Common Curestors, Vuglarly Called Vagabonds. This coded vernacular was the secret language of the British underworld, a lingua franca among thieves, tramps, and beggars.“French” does not imply that it comes from the land of the Gauls but that it is foreign. Its origins are unclear. Some, like Harman, suggest a Romani pedigree. The most colorful origin story is that the secret code was created by none other than the King of the Gypsies at a cave called The Devil’s Arse. Others suggest Romani origins are impossible, given that the language was spoken 5. Romani in England. Regardless, there is no doubt the language has been influenced by the nomadic tongues of Northern India. The term “peddler” has criminal overtones in England. Independent merchants, once known as “peddlers,” were prosecuted in order to ensure a crown- approved monopoly. Roving merchants’ overhead was lower than rooted shopkeepers, whom they were able to undersell. The authorities couldn’t stand for this unauthorized competition, so the peddlers were officially classified as “rogues.”The idea that this cant is a language separate from English is not entirely accurate. Instead, it exchanges words and expressions with coded alternatives to confound outsiders. It would be more accurate to refer to it as a nuanced slang with a giant, labyrinthine vocabulary. Reports indicate that this language is still used in UK prisons. This coded terminology is used in contraband smuggling today for exactly the same reason it was employed in Thomas Harman’s day. Correctional officers have seized correspondence referring to drugs by their Thieves Cant translation. Russian Criminal Tattoos. Tattoos have been with us from the dawn of history. The oldest European mummy, Otzi, had tattoos, and Egyptian funerary figures bear body art. Romans banned tattoos, believing they sullied the harmony of the human body. However, when they fought inked- up Britons, their story changed, and Roman doctors soon mastered the art. Crusaders’ tattoos signified they were Christian, with the implicit request for a proper burial should they fall on the battlefield. After the Crusades, they vanished from the West until the 1. South Seas. In 1. Captain James Cook landed on Tahiti, where the practice was in full swing. The modern term for the art comes from the Tahitian word tatau. Tattoos are now omnipresent. Whether they are fashion accessories, status symbols, or subculture beacons, all inking has symbolic meaning. However, no group of body modifications has more symbolism than Russian criminal tattoos under the Soviet regime. Soviet authorities forbade tattooing in prison, so radical techniques were used to circumvent restrictions. Melted boot heels mixed with blood and urine served as ink, while needles were made from whatever sharp object was available. Fatalism runs through the story of Russian criminal tattoos, as many knew they were in for life and didn’t care about consequences. Our knowledge of this secret language comes from Danzig Baldaev, a corrections officer at Kresty, the notorious Leningrad prison. Once the KGB discovered Baldaev’s work, they officially sanctioned the project, realizing that it could provide invaluable information about this criminal subculture. Published after his death, Baldaev’s work can now be found in the Encyclopedia of Russian Criminal Tattoos. Baldaev revealed many secrets of this symbolic language: A cat tattoo signified a thief, crosses on the knuckles indicated number of prison stints, a penis on a female revealed she was a prostitute, and a shoulder tattoo meant the bearer had spent time in solitary confinement. The most popular tattoo themes were “grins,” images of Soviet leaders in ridiculous and compromising positions that served as a “middle finger” to the authorities. In Soviet- era prisons, a lack of inking signified a lack of status. But even worse than no tattoos was the heart inside a white triangle, which was the sign of a child rapist. This scarlet letter made the bearer an “untouchable” and totally at the whims of other prisoners’ sexual appetites. Machaj Juyai. The itinerant traditional healers of the Bolivian Andes are known as the Kallawaya. Their medical knowledge is passed from father to son in practitioner families through a secret language called Machaj Juyai. The origins of the tongue are subject to debate. Some believe it to be the language of Incan kings. Others link it to Amazonian dialects, suggesting that Kallawaya travel deep into the jungle in search of medicine. The Kallawaya performed successful brain surgery on Incan warriors and introduced quinine to the West, preventing malaria deaths during the construction of the Panama Canal. Despite the Kallawaya’s track record, the church and Bolivian state prosecuted these healers well into the 2. Until 1. 98. 4, when Bolivia officially recognized traditional medicine, these skilled healers and their secret language were forced underground. During these dark days, the Kallawaya were considered witches and risked imprisonment for practicing their art. Machaj Juyai became a true outlaw language. Some 4. 00 years after the fall of the Incan empire, the Kallawaya still have their secret language. Tony Stewart Racing - Official Site. Sedalia “Show. Me” Showdown. Missouri State Fair Speedway. Sedalia, MOFri, May 0.
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Aimy In a Cage (2. Crispin Glover co- stars as a sleazy, sinister charlatan in this epic fairytale that crosses Disney with David Lynch. Winner of the 'Director's Award' at the 2. Portland Film Festival. A creative teenage girl, Aimy Micry, is placed into a mind- altering procedure to civilize her while news of a virus epidemic spreads throughout the world. Watch Movies Aimy in a Cage 2016, A creative teenage girl is placed into a mind-altering procedure to civilise her, while news of a virus epidemic spreads throughout. Buy Aimy in a Cage (2016) at Walmart.com. Product packaging and material may contain more and/or different information from the website, including the product. Crispin Glover co-stars as a sinister charlatan in this epic fairytale that crosses Disney with David Lynch. The film follows a creative teen. Watch Aimy in a Cage (2016) Online, A creative teenage girl is placed into a mind-altering procedure to civilise her, while news of a virus epidemic spreads. Watch online Aimy in a Cage 2016 full with English subtitle. Watch online free Aimy in a Cage, Crispin Glover, Paz de la Huerta, Theodore Bouloukos, Allisyn Ashley. Aimy in a Cage is an annoying frenzy of a film that will push your patience further than. Fans of twisted independent cinema might celebrate Aimy in the Cage. Aimy In A Cage TrailerEmail or Phone: Password: Forgot account? You must log in to continue. Aimy in a Cage is a fantastic story that is based on the critically acclaimed book illustrated here at Hooroo Jackson’s website. Hooroo himself explained the story. Aimy in a Cage (2016) Drama, Fantasy, Sci-Fi, Thriller Aimy in a Cage movie info - movie times, trailers, reviews, tickets, actors and more on Fandango. Aimy In A Cage 2016ROLL- VPGAME E- sports service platform. Smartphone Addicts, Beware! DistractDead Has You in Its Sights. Posted on October 23, 2015 by Todd Rigney. Considering how many people are. Ink & Steel premiered at Soho International Film Festival where it took home the Audience Award. Note: Because this project is categorized as in development, the data is only available. Martinez is on Facebook. To connect with Marlon, sign up for Facebook today.Ink & Steel was proudly produced by LoneShark Studios, where story comes first. LoneShark · August 21, 2015 · While we're working on our own movies, trying to pay it forward to someone(s) who.
Miracles from Heaven vs True Story of Annabel Beam, Christie Beam. I believe that I was cured because whenever I went to heaven, I asked Jesus if I could stay with him and he said, 'No, Annabel. I have plans for you on Earth that you cannot fulfill in heaven,' and he said, 'Whenever I send you back, there will be nothing wrong with you.' - Annabel Beam, Fox and Friends, April 2. Questioning the Story: What disorders did Annabel Beam suffer from? The Miracles from Heaven true story reveals that when Annabel Beam was five years old she was diagnosed with two rare life- threatening digestive disorders, pseudo- obstruction motility disorder and antral hypomotility disorder, which resulted in frequent hospital stays (Fox. News. com). The former is characterized by altered and inefficient contractions (peristalsis) of the muscles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which help to move food content along. Instead of food content being passed efficiently, the intestines react as if there is a blockage, leading to inefficient absorption of nutrients. The latter, antral hypomotility disorder, is characterized by weak contractions in the antrum part of the stomach. The real Anna Beam (left) had suffered from two rare digestive disorders. Actress Kylie Rogers (right) as Annabel Beam in the Miracles from Heaven movie. The Story After being told through the Angels in July that I am to play a very important part in God's plan, I started receiving pictures in early August of 2010. When Christy (Jennifer Garner) discovers her 10-year-old daughter Anna (Kylie Rogers. When Christy (Jennifer Garner) discovers her 10-year-old daughter Anna. On sale NOW in hardcover, ebook and audiobook MIRACLES FROM HEAVEN: A Little Girl, Her Journey to Heaven, and Her Amazing Story of Healing. Did they really take Annabel to Boston to see a gastroenterologist? Yes. In search of help for Annabel's digestive disorders, they made trips to both Austin and Boston to see specialists. Nurko (Eugenio Derbez) is based on real- life Boston doctor Samuel Nurko. Like in the movie, he was one of the few doctors in the country still allowed to prescribe Cisapride, which had been taken off the market due to certain side effects. Nurko has a cameo in the movie. When the journalist, Ben Wexler (Wayne P. Nurko can be seen walking passed them. Did Kevin Beam run his own veterinary clinic? No. Though he had dreams of a family business, Kevin Beam had been working as part of a team of doctors at the Alvarado Veterinary Clinic since around 2. Despite the family being stressed financially, the movie exaggerates the weight on Kevin's shoulders by adding the stress of trying to get a family business off the ground as medical- related bills are flooding in. Miracles From Heaven MovieMiracles From Heaven Movie ReviewThe inspirational memoir Miracles From Heaven transfers to the big screen as a wholesome, crowd-pleasing drama, one whose subject is faith and gratitude. Rent Miracles from Heaven (2016) and other Movies & TV Shows on Blu-ray & DVD. MIRACLES FROM HEAVEN is based on the incredible true story of the Beam family. When Christy (Jennifer Garner) discovers her 10-year-old daughter Anna (Kylie Rogers. Miracles from Heaven (2016) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. In the book, Christy Beam says that Kevin's partners at the clinic were very supportive when he had to miss work and readjust his schedule. Though Christy says that . Nurko, they already had an appointment with him when they embarked on their first trip to Boston. Fact- checking Miracles from Heaven revealed that Christy's sister Angie, who is not shown in the movie, went with them on the trip. As we investigated the Miracles from Heaven true story, we discovered that Queen Latifah's character, Angela Bradford, is based on a real- life woman named Angela Cimino, a single mom of three. Like in the Miracles from Heaven movie, they met Angela when Annabel accidentally knocked over a large glass of Sprite at the hotel restaurant. Their busy waiter dropped off a few cocktail napkins. Angela stepped in with a stack of paper towels. They got to talking and she offered to show them the city the following day. They became friends, and like in the movie, Angela helped them on future trips to Boston, including giving them a place to stay. In real life, Angela is white, not black. Did an airline ticket agent really help Kevin Beam get tickets when his credit cards were declined? Not exactly, but a similar act of kindness supposedly did occur in real life. On his way to the airport with daughters Abbie and Adelynn, Kevin Beam called each credit card company and tried to get them to extend his limit. Abbie handed him card after card until he finally found himself speaking with a customer rep who gave him a . Though he did own a motorcycle, the real Kevin Beam sold his . In the movie, Ben's daughter suffers from cancer and is a temporary roommate of Annabel. Ben sees how much pain Annabel is in, and after Annabel's sudden recovery, he finds himself believing that she's telling the truth. The character Ben and his daughter Haley do not appear in Christy Beam's Miracles from Heaven book. Did Annabel really fall headfirst into a hollow tree trunk? Yes. In December 2. Annabel Beam fell 3. Several hours passed before emergency personnel were able to harness Annabel to safety. Unlike the movie, emergency personnel convinced Annabel to tie her own harness and she was conscious when they hoisted her out of the tree (Kens. Was she stuck upside down the whole time she was in the tree? No. In fact- checking Miracles from Heaven, we learned that Annabel was not upside down the entire time. From left to right: dad Kevin, Adelynn, Annabel, mom Christy, and Abbie. Was Annabel injured during the fall? No. Luckily, despite supposedly being knocked unconscious during the fall, she survived without injury. As a precaution, she was life- flighted to the hospital. In researching the Miracles from Heaven true story, we learned that according to Annabel's mother, Christy Beam, her daughter's symptoms miraculously vanished after the fall. Prior to the accident, Annabel had been in . At one point, Annabel told her that she wanted to die and live in heaven with Jesus. Eating and drinking was a challenge. Jennifer Garner (right) portrays Christy Beam in the Miracles from Heaven movie. Did the real Annabel Beam claim to see her grandma in heaven? Yes. And that's how I knew I was in heaven. She looked a little bit younger than she had whenever I last saw her. She said that Jesus responded by saying, . Whenever I send you back, there will be nothing wrong with you. During a 2. 01. 5 interview on Fox and Friends, Christy said that her daughter was currently taking no medications. The real Christy Beam (left) and daughter Annabel Beam (center) pose with actress Jennifer Garner (right). Courtesy Christy Beam. What do the doctors say about Annabel's miraculous recovery? They say that they don't know, but that she shows no more symptoms and she is on zero medications today. Supposed true stories about people visiting heaven have increased in popularity in recent years. Though there is often no real way to prove them true or false, a few have turned into cash cows for their subjects. With the case of the Beam family and Miracles from Heaven, one could conclude that financial worries led the family to fabricate the story, but there is currently no way to prove that assertion. Is it possible that Annabel was knocked unconscious during the fall and had a dream? Should we simply dismiss Annabel's sudden recovery and explain it as the mesmerized doctor suggested in the movie, that bumping her head might have knocked things into place with regard to her nervous system? Or is that in itself a miracle? Other stories of trips to heaven include Heaven is for Real, the story of a toddler's visit to heaven. The book was on The New York Times' best- seller list for 5. U. S. The family in that story also struggled financially before the book was published. Another successful book, The Boy Who Came Back from Heaven, was revealed to be a hoax when its young subject disavowed the story and stated that his visit to heaven was a fabrication. The boy, Alex Malarkey, had been left a quadriplegic after a severe traffic accident. His father, Kevin Malarkey, helped to author the story and capitalized on his son's injury. Annabel Beam Interviews & Related Videos. Delve deeper into the Miracles from Heaven true story by watching the Christy and Annabel Beam interviews below. Link- to- Learn More. Federal agents and Walnut Creek detectives raided a drug lab in an apartment in the East Bay city, and it turned out to be one of the largest illegal steroid busts in Contra Costa County. It started in February when agents with the Department of Homeland Security intercepted a package from Hong Kong containing 2 pounds of steroids. It was addressed to the Walnut Creek apartment on Third Avenue, just 2 miles from police headquarters. Get reviews, hours, directions, coupons and more for Apartment Detectives at 4850 Connecticut Ave NW Apt 416, Washington, DC. Search for other Rental Vacancy Listing. The Best DC Apartments & Condo Rentals: Apartment Detectives makes finding a home easy! Based in Washington, DC, we feature unique insight on area apartments and. When police and the feds followed the package to the apartment, they found much more. 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The first nuclear explosive devices, cumbersome and inefficient, provided the basic design building blocks of all future weapons. Here the Gadget device is prepared for the first nuclear test: Trinity. Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package. There are three existing basic design types. In many existing designs, the explosive energy of deployed devices is derived primarily from nuclear fission, not fusion. The active material is weapons gradeuranium (uranium with a high percentage of U- 2. Pu- 2. 39), explosively assembled into a chain- reactingcritical mass by one of two methods. Gun assembly: one piece of fissile uranium is fired at a fissile uranium target at the end of the weapon, similar to firing a bullet down a gun barrel, achieving critical mass when combined. Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate. There are three existing. The subscription details associated with this account need to be updated. Please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription. A BFG is a piece of personal artillery used by an individual and chiefly defined by its, well, its incredible bigness. A BFG might have a mounting or bipod. History of the Normans. Continuing the on-going history of the British Isles, this site looks at the effects and changes brought in by the Norman invasion. Bristol's first dedicated graffiti and street art gallery. Buy original artwork, prints, clothing, commission an artist & more. US President-elect Donald Trump has mocked the cost of the F35 stealth bombers, but Australian Defence Minister Christopher Pyne says they are our most potent weapon. Implosion: a fissile mass of either material (U- 2. Pu- 2. 39, or a combination) is surrounded by high explosives that compress the mass, resulting in criticality. The implosion method can use either uranium or plutonium as fuel. The gun method only uses uranium. Plutonium is considered impractical for the gun method because of early triggering due to Pu- 2. U- 2. 35. Boosted fission weapons improve on the implosion design. The high pressure and temperature environment at the center of an exploding fission weapon compresses and heats a mixture of tritium and deuterium gas (heavy isotopes of hydrogen). The hydrogen fuses to form helium and free neutrons. The energy release from this fusion reaction is relatively negligible, but each neutron starts a new fission chain reaction, speeding up the fission and greatly reducing the amount of fissile material that would otherwise be wasted when expansion of the fissile material stops the chain reaction. Boosting can more than double the weapon's fission energy release. Staged thermonuclear weapons are essentially a chain of fusion- boosted fission weapons, usually with only two stages in the chain. The secondary stage is imploded by x- ray energy from the first stage, called the . Consequently, the secondary can be many times more powerful than the primary, without being bigger. The secondary can be designed to maximize fusion energy release, but in most designs fusion is employed only to drive or enhance fission, as it is in the primary. More stages could be added and conceptual designs incorporating up to seven have been produced, but the result would be a multi- megaton weapon too powerful to serve any plausible purpose. Also in 1. 96. 1, the Soviet Union tested, but did not deploy, a three- stage 5. Tsar Bomba.)Pure fusion weapons have not been invented, yet. Such weapons, though, would produce far less radioactive fallout than current designs, although they would release huge numbers of neutrons. Pure fission weapons historically have been the first type to be built by a nation state. Large industrial states with well- developed nuclear arsenals have two- stage thermonuclear weapons, which are the most compact, scalable, and cost effective option once the necessary industrial infrastructure is built. Most known innovations in nuclear weapon design originated in the United States, although some were later developed independently by other states. Weapons involving fusion were called hydrogen bombs or H- bombs, also a misnomer since their energy comes mostly from fission. Practitioners favored the terms nuclear and thermonuclear, respectively. The term thermonuclear refers to the high temperatures required to initiate fusion. It omits the equally important factor of radiation pressure, which was considered secret at the time the term became widespread. Many nuclear weapon terms similarly obfuscate because of their origin in a classified environment. Nuclear reactions. Nuclear fusion combines together lighter atoms to form heavier atoms. Both reactions generate roughly a million times more energy than comparable chemical reactions, making nuclear bombs a million times more powerful than non- nuclear bombs, which a French patent claimed in May 1. To understand how nuclear weapons are designed, it is useful to know the important similarities and differences between fission and fusion. The following explanation uses rounded numbers and approximations. Fission can be self- sustaining because it produces more neutrons of the speed required to cause new fissions. The U- 2. 35 nucleus can split in many ways, provided the atomic numbers add up to 9. The following equation shows one possible split, namely into strontium- 9. Sr), xenon- 1. 39 (1. Xe), and two neutrons (n), plus energy. Only 7% of this is gamma radiation and kinetic energy of fission neutrons. The remaining 9. 3% is kinetic energy (or energy of motion) of the charged fission fragments, flying away from each other mutually repelled by the positive charge of their protons (3. This initial kinetic energy is 6. TJ/kg, imparting an initial speed of about 1. The charged fragments' high electric charge causes many inelastic collisions with nearby atoms, and these fragments remain trapped inside the bomb's uranium pit and tamper until their motion is converted into heat. This takes about a millionth of a second (a microsecond), by which time the core and tamper of the bomb have expanded to plasma several meters in diameter with a temperature of tens of millions of degrees Celsius. This is hot enough to emit black- body radiation in the X- ray spectrum. These X- rays are absorbed by the surrounding air, producing the fireball and blast of a nuclear explosion. Most fission products have too many neutrons to be stable so they are radioactive by beta decay, converting neutrons into protons by throwing off beta particles (electrons) and gamma rays. Their half lives range from milliseconds to about 2. Many decay into isotopes that are themselves radioactive, so from 1 to 6 (average 3) decays may be required to reach stability. In bombs, they become radioactive fallout, both local and global. Meanwhile, inside the exploding bomb, the free neutrons released by fission carry away about 3% of the initial fission energy. Neutron kinetic energy adds to the blast energy of a bomb, but not as effectively as the energy from charged fragments, since neutrons are not slowed as quickly. The main contribution of fission neutrons to the bomb's power is the initiation of other fissions. Over half of the neutrons escape the bomb core, but the rest strike nearby U- 2. Starting from one atom, the number of fissions can theoretically double a hundred times in a microsecond, which could consume all uranium or plutonium up to hundreds of tons by the hundredth link in the chain. In practice, bombs do not contain hundreds of tons of uranium or plutonium. Instead, typically (in a modern weapon) the core of a weapon contains only about 5 kilograms of plutonium, of which only 2 to 2. Holding an exploding bomb together is the greatest challenge of fission weapon design. The heat of fission rapidly expands the fission core, spreading apart the target nuclei and making space for the neutrons to escape without being captured. The chain reaction stops. Materials which can sustain a chain reaction are called fissile. The two fissile materials used in nuclear weapons are: U- 2. HEU), oralloy (Oy) meaning Oak Ridge Alloy, or 2. Pu- 2. 39, also known as plutonium, or 4. Uranium's most common isotope, U- 2. Its aliases include natural or unenriched uranium, depleted uranium (DU), tubealloy (Tu), and 2. It cannot sustain a chain reaction, because its own fission neutrons are not powerful enough to cause more U- 2. The neutrons released by fusion will fission U- 2. This U- 2. 38 fission reaction produces most of the energy in a typical two- stage thermonuclear weapon. Fusion produces neutrons which dissipate energy from the reaction. Using the heat and pressure of fission, hydrogen- 2, or deuterium (2. D), fuses with hydrogen- 3, or tritium (3. T), to form helium- 4 (4. He) plus one neutron (n) and energy. In this fusion reaction 8. Me. V, is in the motion of the neutron which, having no electric charge and being almost as massive as the hydrogen nuclei that created it, can escape the scene without leaving its energy behind to help sustain the reaction – or to generate x- rays for blast and fire. The only practical way to capture most of the fusion energy is to trap the neutrons inside a massive bottle of heavy material such as lead, uranium, or plutonium. If the 1. 4 Me. V neutron is captured by uranium (either type: 2. Me. V of fission energy, multiplying the energy output tenfold. For weapon use, fission is necessary to start fusion, helps to sustain fusion, and captures and multiplies the energy released in fusion neutrons. In the case of a neutron bomb (see below) the last- mentioned does not apply since the escape of neutrons is the objective. Tritium production. Tritium, or hydrogen- 3, is made by bombarding lithium- 6 (6. Li) with a neutron (n). This neutron bombardment will cause the lithium- 6 nucleus to split, producing helium- 4 (4. He) plus tritium (3. T) and energy. The industrial- scale conversion of lithium- 6 to tritium is very similar to the conversion of uranium- 2. In both cases the feed material is placed inside a nuclear reactor and removed for processing after a period of time. Alternatively, neutrons from earlier stage fusion reactions can be used to fission lithium- 6 (in the form of lithium deuteride for example) and form tritium during detonation. This approach reduces the amount of tritium- based fuel in a weapon. For this reason, tritium is included in nuclear weapon components only when it causes more fission than its production sacrifices, namely in the case of fusion- boosted fission. Of the four basic types of nuclear weapon, the first, pure fission, uses the first of the three nuclear reactions above. The second, fusion- boosted fission, uses the first two. The third, two- stage thermonuclear, uses all three. Pure fission weapons. The ceiling is as high as a cathedral’s, and there’s enough. The Energy Story is a general introduction to energy. Chapters explore renewable energy, fossil fuels, electricity, circuits and many other things. Watch NFL videos including player, team and league news and analysis. Find the latest pro football game previews, recaps and more on FOX Sports. What the Founders Really Thought About Race — THE NATIONAL POLICY INSTITUTEToday, the United States officially takes the position that all races are equal. Many Americans cite the “all men are created equal” phrase from the Declaration of Independence to support the claim that this view of race was not only inevitable but was anticipated by the Founders. Interestingly, prominent conservatives and Tea Party favorites like Michele Bachman and Glenn Beck have taken this notion a step further and asserted that today’s racial egalitarianism was the nation’s goal from its very first days. They believed people of different races had different temperaments and abilities, and built markedly different societies. They believed that only people of European stock could maintain a society in which they would wish to live, and they strongly opposed miscegenation. For more than 3. 00 years, therefore, American policy reflected a consensus on race that was the very opposite of what prevails today. Those who would impute egalitarianism to the Founders should recall that in 1. Declaration, race slavery was already more than 1. North America and was practiced throughout the New World, from Canada to Chile. Despite what he wrote in the Declaration, he did not think Blacks were equal to Whites, noting that “in general, their existence appears to participate more of sensation than reflection.”. The United States, he wrote, was to be “the nest from which all America, North and South, is to be peopled,”. He wrote of their “flowing hair” and their “more elegant symmetry of form,” but emphasized the importance of color itself. In fact, nine of the first 1. Presidents owned slaves, the only exceptions being the two Adamses. The spiritual home of great rock music. Classic interviews, in-depth new album reviews, essential news stories, live reviews, films, DVDs and much more. AskMen's Video channel has a huge and highly entertaining collection of educational, funny, sexy, and viral videos. Despite Jefferson’s hope for eventual abolition, he made no provision to free his slaves after his death. James Madison agreed with Jefferson that the only solution to the race problem was to free the slaves and expel them: “To be consistent with existing and probably unalterable prejudices in the U. S. After two terms in office, he served as chief executive of the American Colonization Society, which was established to repatriate Blacks. I could wish their Numbers were increased. But perhaps I am partial to the Complexion of my Country, for such Kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind. Franklin therefore opposed bringing more Blacks to the United States. The very first citizenship law, passed in 1. Alexander Hamilton was suspicious even of European immigrants, writing that “the influx of foreigners must, therefore, tend to produce a heterogeneous compound; to change and corrupt the national spirit; to complicate and confound public opinion; to introduce foreign propensities.”. Blacks, even if free, could not be citizens of the United States until ratification of the 1. Amendment in 1. 86. The question of their citizenship arose during the Missouri crisis of 1. The Missouri constitution barred the immigration of Blacks, and some northern critics said that to prevent Blacks who were citizens of other states from moving to Missouri deprived them of protection under the privileges and immunities clause of the Constitution. The author of that clause, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, was still alive, and denied that he, or any other Framer, intended the clause to apply to Blacks: “I perfectly knew that there did not then exist such a thing in the Union as a black or colored citizen, nor could I then have conceived it possible such a thing could have ever existed in it.”. Again, this is a distorted view. First of all, slavery persisted in the North well into the post- Revolutionary period. It was not abolished in New York State until 1. Connecticut until 1. Many Northerners opposed abolition because they feared it would lead to race mixing. The easiest way to stir up opposition to Northern abolitionists was to claim that what they were really promoting was intermarriage. Many abolitionists expressed strong disapproval of miscegenation, but the fact that speakers at abolitionist meetings addressed racially mixed audiences was sufficiently shocking to make any charge believable. There were no fewer than 1. North during the 1. On July 4, 1. 83. American Anti- Slavery Society read its Declaration of Sentiments to a mixed- race audience in New York City.
Rioters then broke up the meeting and went on a rampage that lasted 1. The National Guard managed to bring peace only after the society issued a “Disclaimer,” the first point of which was: “We entirely disclaim any desire to promote or encourage intermarriages between white and colored persons.”. On May 1. 7, the last day of a three- day dedication ceremony, several thousand people—many of high social standing—gathered at the hall and burned it down while the fire department stood by and did nothing. Most abolitionist activism therefore reflected a deep conviction that slavery was wrong, but not a desire to establish Blacks as social and political equals. William Lloyd Garrison and Angelina and Sarah Grimk. Henry Ward Beecher, brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, expressed the majority view: “Do your duty first to the colored people here; educate them, Christianize them, and then colonize them.”. At its inaugural meeting in 1. Henry Clay described its purpose: to “rid our country of a useless and pernicious, if not dangerous portion of the population.”. Between 1. 66. 1 and 1. Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and all the southern colonies passed laws prohibiting inter- racial marriage and, in some cases, fornication. When Bostonian Josiah Quincy wrote an account of his 1. South Carolina, he professed himself shocked to learn that a “gentleman” could have relations with a “negro or mulatto woman.”. This is yet another misunderstanding. Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot started the movement when he introduced an amendment banning slavery from any territories acquired after the Mexican- American War. The “Wilmot Proviso” was certainly anti- slavery, but Wilmot was not an abolitionist. He did not object to slavery in the South; only to its spread into the Western territories. During the congressional debate, Wilmot asked: whether that vast country, between the Rio Grande and the Pacific, shall be given up to the servile labor of the black, or be preserved for the free labor of the white man? Every state that entered the Union between 1. Civil War denied Blacks the vote. In 1. 85. 5, Blacks could vote only in Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Rhode Island, which together accounted for only four percent of the nation’s Black population. The federal government prohibited free Blacks from voting in the territories it controlled. The people of the Oregon Territory, for example, voted not to permit slavery, but voted in even greater numbers not to permit Blacks in the state at all. In language that survived until 2. Oregon’s 1. 85. 7 constitution provided that “. The seven- to- two decision held that although they could be citizens of states, Blacks were not citizens of the United States and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. Roger Taney, the chief justice who wrote the majority decision, noted that slavery arose out of an ancient American conviction about Negroes. Again, they are mistaken. Lincoln considered Blacks to be—in his words—“a troublesome presence”. During the Lincoln- Douglas debates he stated. Douglas forever,’—Times. He made war on the Confederacy only to preserve the Union, and would have accepted Southern slavery in perpetuity if that would have kept the South from seceding, as he stated explicitly. The amendment therefore recognized that the federal government had no power over slavery where it already existed, and the amendment would have barred any future amendment to give the government that power. Outgoing President James Buchanan took the unusual step of signing the amendment, even though the President’s signature is not necessary under the Constitution. Lincoln referred to the Corwin Amendment in his first inaugural address. If the country had not been distracted by war, it could well have become law, making it more difficult or even impossible to pass the 1. Amendment. Lincoln’s Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation of September 2. It gave the Confederate states 1. Lincoln always overestimated Unionist sentiment in the South, and genuinely believed that at least some of the Southern states would accept his offer of union in exchange for the preservation of slavery. He called emancipation strictly a war measure that would become “inoperative” if there were peace, and suggested that if the Confederate states rejoined the union, they could defeat the 1. Amendment, which had been sent to the states for ratification. Lincoln appears to have been prepared to sacrifice the most basic interests of Blacks if he thought that would stop the slaughter of white men. Even in the midst of the war, he was making plans for colonization, and appointed Rev. James Mitchell to be Commissioner of Emigration, with instructions to find a place to which Blacks could be sent. Later that year, in a message to Congress, he argued not just for voluntary colonization but for the forcible removal of free Blacks. The idea of colonizing Blacks was eventually abandoned as too costly, but until the second half of the 2. American who spoke about race in today’s terms. Blacks were at the center of early American thinking about race because of the vexed question of slavery and because Blacks lived among Whites. Indians, of course, had always been present, but were of less concern. They fought rearguard actions, but generally withdrew as Whites settled the continent. When they did not withdraw, they were forced onto reservations. After the slaves were freed, Indians were legally more disadvantaged than Blacks, since they were not considered part of the United States at all. In 1. 88. 4, the Supreme Court officially determined that the 1. Amendment did not confer citizenship on Indians associated with tribes. The Reno- Sparks Chamber of Commerce. Greater Albuquerque Events. The Reno Sparks Chamber works to grow the economy, serve as a voice for business and to deliver value to our members. Celebrate Mother's Day with music from the NM Philharmonic! The Santa Fe Opera Spotlight Series. The official website for the City of Albuquerque. There is an unpleasant way in which “The Chamber” and the previous John Grisham thriller, “A Time to Kill,” linger over the racism and hate language of their. Greater Albuquerque Chamber of Commerce Mission Statement. The Greater Albuquerque Chamber of Commerce works every day to make our community a place where businesses. The Chamber Columbus OhioWelcome to Albuquerque. The true Southwest awaits you in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Come immerse yourself in our rich culture and heritage, rooted in centuries of history. |